HYMENOPTERA :: Vespidae :: Polistinae
HYMENOPTERA :: Vespidae :: Polistinae
Parapolybia de Saussure, 1854
Eusocial wasps. Colonies founded by a single queen, except Parapolybia nodosa. Scavage on dead arthropods, carrion or actively hunting.
Barthélémy, C. A. Provisional Identification Guide to the Social Vespids of Hong Kong (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Available online: http://insectahk.com
Barthélémy C & Guénard B. 2025. An annotated and illustrated checklist of Hong Kong aculeate wasps (Hymenoptera: Apoid wasps; Pompilioidea; Scolioidea; Thynnoidea; Tiphioidea; Vespoidea; Chrysidoidea). Insecta Mundi 1115: 1–230.
Hunt, J. H. 2007. The evolution of social wasps. Oxford University Press.
GBIF.org (17 June 2024) GBIF Occurrence https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.jncutk
Luo, L., Huang, P., Chen, B., & Li, T. J. 2022. Mitochondrial composition of and diffusion limiting factors of three social wasp genera Polistes, Ropalidia, and Parapolybia (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). BMC Ecology and Evolution 22(1): 63.
Richards, O. W. 1971. The biology of the social wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Biological Reviews 46(4): 483–528.
Saito-Morooka, F., Nguyen, L. T., & Kojima, J. I. 2015. Review of the paper wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa 3947(2): 215–235.